Diversity of polyporous fungi (Polyporaceae) in northern boreal forests: effects of forest site type and logging intensity

The effects of forest site type and logging intensity on polyporous fungi were studied in subxeric, mesic and herb-rich forests and spruce mires in northern Finland. The species richness of polypores did not follow the fertility gradient of the site types, but was connected with the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris (CWD). The total number of species, and the numbers of indicator and threatened species were equal in subxeric pine forests and in more fertile spruce-dominated stands. The species composition of pine-dominated forests differed conspicuously from that of spruce-dominated site types. The total number of species was not affected by logging intensity, but no virgin forest species or threatened species were found on the sites where the number of cut stumps exceeded 150 stumps ha^?1. Increasing logging intensity decreased the number of polypore observations, indicating reduced substrate availability. The results stress the importance of protecting not only fertile spruce-dominated stands, but also poorer, pine-dominated forests, and sites with high and diverse CWD content.     

Deciduous trees affect small-scale floristic diversity and tree regeneration in conifer forests

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the effects of deciduous trees on biodiversity, soil processes and long-term productivity in boreal, conifer-dominated forests. This study investigated whether individual birch trees allowed to grow to maturity in the coniferous forest can have a local effect on floristic richness and regeneration of tree saplings. The ground vegetation was compared in 2?m radius plots around the stem under the canopies of matched conifer–deciduous trees in a mature, conifer-dominated forest, and included in the analysis variables that could potentially mediate the tree effect (soil pH, cover of lichens, bryophytes, leaf and needle litter). The field layer vegetation was more species rich under birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) than under conifers (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris), and several vascular plant species (including saplings of tree species) occurred more often under birch than under conifers. However, when the effect of the number of subordinate trees was taken into account the difference between birch and pine was not significant. The number of tree regenerations (saplings) was lowest under pines, but did not differ between spruce and birch. There were no effects of the canopy species on soil pH or on cover of lichens and bryophytes. The difference in diversity may be caused by the different effects of leaf and needle litter, and it is also likely that canopy structure has an influence via interception and throughfall and by affecting the light and microclimate.     

Browsing by large herbivores on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings in mixture with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) or silver birch (Betula pendula)

Abstract

Food selection by large herbivores occurs at a hierarchy of scales, for example landscape, patch or plant. Several hypotheses regarding food plant selection on patch or plant level have been developed. In this cafeteria-type design field experiment, conducted during one winter immediately after planting, we tested the effect of species mixture on browsing by large herbivores (mainly roe deer) on Scots pine seedlings in mixture with seedlings of ash (highly preferred) or silver birch (less preferred). Browsing on Scots pine was not affected by species mixture, neither in terms of the number of browsed pines nor browsing intensity. Instead, browsed biomass was positively and significantly correlated to the total biomass available for browsing. Also, there were differences due to species, with ash being most browsed (44.6%), followed by Scots pine (18.9%) and silver birch (11.6%). Browsed biomass per browsed seedling, however, was largest for Scots pine. In addition, browsed seedlings were initially taller compared to unbrowsed seedlings for all species. The main management implication in this study is that the species mixture did not influence large herbivore browsing on Scots pine seedlings. Hence, removing or discouraging more (or less) attractive browse species in early stages of pine regeneration activities seems unnecessary from the point of large herbivore browsing.     

珠海淇澳岛红树林引进树种的适应性评价

以珠海市淇澳岛红树林引种园23个主要红树林引进树种(2年生)为研究对象,建立涵盖生长适应性、抗逆性、景观价值等多因子的综合评价指标体系,选用层次分析法(AHP)对引进树种进行适应性评价。根据综合评价将红树林引进树种分成4类,表现良好的有拉关木、黄槿、杨叶肖槿和木榄等7种,表现较好的有尖叶卤蕨、海漆等4种,表现一般的有尖瓣海莲、海莲和木果楝等6种,最差的有角果木、正红树和白骨壤等6种。研究认为,拉关木适宜作为低潮滩的先锋造林树种,木榄为中高潮滩的造林树种,而黄槿、杨叶肖槿和海漆可作为高潮滩及堤岸的造林树种,海滨猫尾木、银叶树、海芒果和玉蕊则在滨海城市绿化中更具推广应用价值。     

福建光泽南方铁杉群落植物组成与多样性分析

采用样地调查法研究了福建光泽香炉山南方铁杉天然林群落植物组成与多样性。结果表明:光泽南方铁杉天然林群落(2000 m2)共有维管束植物27科40属52种。南方铁杉群落乔木层常绿树种占据优势,而灌木层常绿树种占据压倒性优势,说明常绿树种幼苗幼树耐阴性比落叶树种强,从而在林下低光照环境下具有更强的竞争能力。南方铁杉群落的乔木和灌木层发达,而草本层发育差,物种数与群落多样性指数均为灌木层>乔木层>层外植物>草本层;而均匀度则多为层外植物>灌木层>乔木层>草本层。南方铁杉种群幼苗幼树数量较多(2151株.hm-2),但小树数量极少(24株.hm-2),有一定数量的中树和大树(405株.hm-2)。南方铁杉幼苗幼树耐阴性差,难以与耐阴性强的常绿乔灌木树种竞争,这可能是南方铁杉濒危的原因之一。     

土壤铜形态与环境因素的关系及其对黑麦草生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究酸度与氮素水平对土壤易溶态铜形态的影响,以及土壤铜含量与形态对黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明,土壤水溶态铜、有机碳结合态铜、离子态铜与铜处理水平呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0.70、0.96、0.61。土壤酸度影响土壤中各形态铜的含量,随pH值降低土壤水溶态铜、离子态铜均显著增加,在pH4.7土壤上二者的含量随铜处理浓度的不同分别为pH6.0土壤上的1.6～6.3倍和39～148倍,两种土壤上水溶态铜、离子态铜含量差异达显著水平。铜处理水平、水溶态铜、有机碳结合态铜、离子态铜含量均强烈影响黑麦草的生长和其对铜的吸收,牧草鲜重与各形态铜呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.73、-0.76、-0.71、-0.72,而植株铜含量则与各形态铜间呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.61、0.87、0.56、0.87。土壤氮素水平影响土壤溶解有机碳的含量,但对土壤各种铜的形态及牧草对铜的吸收并无显著影响。     

Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation

Understanding habitat requirements and identifying landscape linkages are essential for the survival of isolated populations of endangered species. Currently, some of the giant panda populations are isolated, which threatens their long-term survival, particularly in the Xiaoxiangling mountains. In the present study, we quantified niche requirements and then identified potential linkages of giant panda subpopulations in the most isolated region, using ecological niche factor analysis and a least-cost path model. Giant pandas preferred habitat with conifer forest and gentle slopes (>20 to ≤30°). Based on spatial distribution of suitable habitat, linkages were identified for the Yele subpopulation to 4 other subpopulations (Liziping, Matou, Xinmin and Wanba). Their lengths ranged from 15 to 54 km. The accumulated cost ranged from 693 to 3166 and conifer forest covered over 31%. However, a variety of features (e.g. major roads, human settlements and large unforested areas) might act as barriers along the linkages for giant panda dispersal. Our analysis quantified giant panda subpopulation connectivity to ensure long-term survival.     

基于ITS 序列石斛材料的鉴定及系统进化分析

 以核糖体DNA 内转录间隔区（Internal Transcribed Spacer,rDNA ITS 区）作为DNA 条形码对石斛种进行鉴定,并进行系统进化分析。收集获得43 个石斛样品,其中35 个为已知鲜样品,8 个为待确定种的干样品。从35 个鲜品中获得在GenBank 中未公布的海南石斛、华石斛以及秋石斛中的两个品种‘白花红心秋石斛’和‘紫红条纹秋石斛’ITS 序列。ITS 序列差异与形态特征的关系分析,结果显示,ITS 同源性的高低,与形态的相似性成正相关。以舌唇兰属为外类群,并从GenBank 中获得其他20 个石斛种的ITS 序列,对35 个已知样品和8 个待检测样品进行分析。结果显示,35 个已知样品分为5 支,其中大部分石斛种（24 个）聚在一支。竹叶石斛和苏瓣石斛聚在一支;华石斛、聚石斛和小黄花石斛聚在一支;短棒石斛单独为一支;竹枝石斛与‘白花红心秋石斛’和‘紫红条纹秋石斛’聚在一支;海南石斛和木石斛聚在一支。根据ITS 序列,大多数样品分组与传统分组相同,但按传统分组不在石斛组的重唇石斛、钩状石斛、鼓槌石斛和叉唇石斛分在了石斛组,并确定了檀香石斛分在石斛组。确定了8 个石斛干样品所属的种。     

滇西地区红花油茶主要病虫害种类调查

对我国云南山茶的原生种腾冲红花油茶Camellia reticulata f.simpex Sealy的重点分布区和主要栽培区的18个县(乡)进行了病虫害调查,共鉴定出23种主要病害和5种主要虫害。     

32种经济竹种的组培及苗木培育技术研究

选用了32个竹种作为微体快速繁殖材料,采用以芽繁芽的途径实现快繁。当选用竹子种子作为外植体时得到的组培效果最好,其次是幼年竹节芽和小枝芽,成年竹节芽最差。同等条件下,毛环刺竹、实心瓜多竹、孝顺竹、黄金碧玉竹、非洲锐药竹、麻竹和大佛肚竹更易成活和发笋,人面竹的成活率最低。选用蛭石作为育苗基质取得了较为理想的试验结果。用麻竹组培苗(1 a生苗)作为试验材料,得出腐殖土可作为优良的育苗基质,30%锯末+70%红土次之。组培苗移栽后施以NPK复合肥作为叶面肥,配以微量元素的追肥可提高成活率。对竹苗进行封顶处理可促进发笋。播种苗和组培苗便于运输,且成本低,但因竹子种子不易获得,所以组培苗是作为生产竹苗的最佳选择。